For routine monitoring of DSP toxins, a mouse bioassay procedure developed by Yasumoto et al. is widely used. Although individual methods vary in detail, all assays invlove the extraction of lipids-soluble DSP toxins with acetone, removal of the solvent and injection of the extract into a pre-weighed mouse . To confirm positiveresults obtained using the bioassay test, it is standard practivce to carry out an independent analysis by HPLC using 9-anthryldiazomethane derivatives of the DSP toxins. HPLC can detect of 15 micrograms or less of okadaic acid per 100g whole tissue. As for PSP toxins, it is recognised that there is an urgent need to develop alternative methods to the mouse bioassay which do not rely on the use of live animals
Adapted from Naturally Occuring Toxins, 42nd report on Chemical Aspects of Food Survelliance, 1994, MAFF
Wednesday, June 27, 2007
DSP...Diarrhetic Shell Fish Toxins
DSP toxins, so named because of their ability to induce gastrointestinal disorders in humans, are a group of 1 polyether carboxylic acids. The first DSP toxin to be identified was dinophysis toxin, then Okadaic acid from blue mussels and dinophysis toxin-3, a mixture of unsaturated fatty acid esters of DTX-1, has been isolated from the digestive gland of scallop.
Symptoms: mian cause diarrhea
the food Safety (Live Bivalve Molluscs) REgulations 1993, which incooperates into national law (UK) the requirements of EC Directive 91/492/EEC. Under the regulations, 'the customary biological methods must not give a positive result to the presence of DSP in the edible parts of molluscs'. - which means 0 or absent always
Symptoms: mian cause diarrhea
the food Safety (Live Bivalve Molluscs) REgulations 1993, which incooperates into national law (UK) the requirements of EC Directive 91/492/EEC. Under the regulations, 'the customary biological methods must not give a positive result to the presence of DSP in the edible parts of molluscs'. - which means 0 or absent always
Aqautic Toxins...PSP
This is some and part of mine research...
Paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins (PSP)....very important
The toxins in shellfish most commonly associatiated with PSP consist of around 20 closely related compounds. These toxins are of three types: Carbomate; N-sulphocarbamoyl; and decarbomoyl toxins.
Nature and severity of PSP toxins vary with the quantity of toxins ingested and proportions of the individual toxins involved. Effects of PSP toxins on humans are well established. the most common symptoms following ingestion are paraesthesia of the perioral region, tongue and limbs, with ataxia, lower back pain and a sensation of consciousness and respiratory failure can occur whcih may be fatal in the absence of respiratory support.
Standard acceptale limit in regulations is 80microgram/100g
The maximum permitted limit of PSP toxins in bivalve molluscs has been subject to specific legislation in the form of The FOos Safety (LIve Bivelve Molluscs) Regulation 1992 (S.I. [1992] No. 3164). under the regulations, ' the total concentration of PSP toxins in the edible parts of molluscs must not exceed 80microgram/100g of molluscs flesh'.
Analysis of PSP toxins can be through the mouse bioassay method
Paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins (PSP)....very important
The toxins in shellfish most commonly associatiated with PSP consist of around 20 closely related compounds. These toxins are of three types: Carbomate; N-sulphocarbamoyl; and decarbomoyl toxins.
Nature and severity of PSP toxins vary with the quantity of toxins ingested and proportions of the individual toxins involved. Effects of PSP toxins on humans are well established. the most common symptoms following ingestion are paraesthesia of the perioral region, tongue and limbs, with ataxia, lower back pain and a sensation of consciousness and respiratory failure can occur whcih may be fatal in the absence of respiratory support.
Standard acceptale limit in regulations is 80microgram/100g
The maximum permitted limit of PSP toxins in bivalve molluscs has been subject to specific legislation in the form of The FOos Safety (LIve Bivelve Molluscs) Regulation 1992 (S.I. [1992] No. 3164). under the regulations, ' the total concentration of PSP toxins in the edible parts of molluscs must not exceed 80microgram/100g of molluscs flesh'.
Analysis of PSP toxins can be through the mouse bioassay method
Saturday, June 9, 2007
Controversy of GM foods....
THIS IS ALSO A SUMMARY OF THE CONTROVERSY.....WE WILL BUILD ON THIS POINTS....
Controversies
Safety
Potential human health impact: allergens, transfer of antibiotic resistance markers, unknown effects Potential environmental impact: unintended transfer of transgenes through cross-pollination, unknown effects on other organisms (e.g., soil microbes), and loss of flora and fauna biodiversity
Access and Intellectual Property
Domination of world food production by a few companies
Increasing dependence on Industralized nations by developing countries
Biopiracy—foreign exploitation of natural resources
Ethics
Violation of natural organisms' intrinsic values
Tampering with nature by mixing genes among species
Objections to consuming animal genes in plants and vice versa
Stress for animal
Labeling
Not mandatory in some countries (e.g., United States)
Mixing GM crops with non-GM confounds labeling attempts
Society
New advances may be skewed to interests of rich countries
Reference Site:
http://www.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Human_Genome/elsi/gmfood.shtml
Controversies
Safety
Potential human health impact: allergens, transfer of antibiotic resistance markers, unknown effects Potential environmental impact: unintended transfer of transgenes through cross-pollination, unknown effects on other organisms (e.g., soil microbes), and loss of flora and fauna biodiversity
Access and Intellectual Property
Domination of world food production by a few companies
Increasing dependence on Industralized nations by developing countries
Biopiracy—foreign exploitation of natural resources
Ethics
Violation of natural organisms' intrinsic values
Tampering with nature by mixing genes among species
Objections to consuming animal genes in plants and vice versa
Stress for animal
Labeling
Not mandatory in some countries (e.g., United States)
Mixing GM crops with non-GM confounds labeling attempts
Society
New advances may be skewed to interests of rich countries
Reference Site:
http://www.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Human_Genome/elsi/gmfood.shtml
Benefits of GM food....
THIS IS A SUMMARY OF WAD I HAVE FOUND FROM MINE RESEARCH..THINK WE CA DO FURTHER RESEARCH ON EACH OF THIS POINTS
Benefits
Crops
Enhanced taste and quality
Reduced maturation time
Increased nutrients, yields, and stress tolerance
Improved resistance to disease, pests, and herbicides
New products and growing techniques
Animals
Increased resistance, productivity, hardiness, and feed efficiency
Better yields of meat, eggs, and milk
Improved animal health and diagnostic methods
Environment
"Friendly" bioherbicides and bioinsecticides
Conservation of soil, water, and energy
Bioprocessing for forestry products
Better natural waste management
More efficient processing
Society
Increased food security for growing populations
Reference Site
http://www.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Human_Genome/elsi/gmfood.shtml
Benefits
Crops
Enhanced taste and quality
Reduced maturation time
Increased nutrients, yields, and stress tolerance
Improved resistance to disease, pests, and herbicides
New products and growing techniques
Animals
Increased resistance, productivity, hardiness, and feed efficiency
Better yields of meat, eggs, and milk
Improved animal health and diagnostic methods
Environment
"Friendly" bioherbicides and bioinsecticides
Conservation of soil, water, and energy
Bioprocessing for forestry products
Better natural waste management
More efficient processing
Society
Increased food security for growing populations
Reference Site
http://www.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Human_Genome/elsi/gmfood.shtml
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